Siliceous frustules were extracted from a representative fresh water diatom species (Cyclotella sp.) by treating with aqueous hydrochloric (HCl) acid. The structural characterizations of cleaned frustules were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The microscopy images showed that the diatoms have a regular circular shape and are of almost equal size (average length is 9μm and average width is 3 μm).It was observed that the frustules were composed mostly of silica (~87 at %), and metal oxides (~11.5 at %) as found from FT-IR and EDX measurements. Optical emission showed clear...

Arylboronic acids have significant impact on synthetic organic chemistry. The easy availability, low toxicity and higher stability make them suitable aryl donors in different organic transformations. This book deals with the application of arylboronic acids as a synthon for carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formation reactions via copper catalyzed Chan-Lam and palladium catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. The use of a heterogeneous clay supported palladium catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura reaction has also been cited in this book. The protocol was found to be highly efficient...