Endodontic microbiology focuses on the infectious nature and the clinical treatment of endodontic pathosis. It enlightens the specific microbial species involved in pathogenesis of periradicular diseases. A better understanding of the characteristics and properties of bacteria and their biofilms along with the environmental changes, associated with endodontic disease is necessary to develop a basic understanding of the disease process and a sound rationale for effective management of endodontic infections and enhance success.

Nanodentistry is a good approach to assess onset or progress of oral diseases and to identify the targets for their treatment. Using nanocharacterization tools, various oral diseases can be understood at molecular and cellular levels. It can be used to design the biocompatible, microbe resistant dental materials and implants. This nano technology will make possible the maintenance of oral health by using nanomaterials in dentistry. Nanodentistry is developing very fast and is set to transform the dentistry in a huge way.

The use of herbal remedies have assumed a global dimension, which has culminated in their use in the treatment of various dental ailments in both developed as well as developing countries. The major advantages of herbs are safety, easy availability, increased shelf life, cost effectiveness and lack of microbial resistance. In dentistry, because of the cytotoxic reactions of most of the medicaments used and their inability to eliminate bacteria from dentinal tubules, trend of recent medicine is to use biologic medication extracted from natural plants. Seeds, leaves, stems, bark, roots,...