In the decades since the Apollo 11 launch, space technology has become vital to the United States' security, economy, and standard of living. American vehicles need reliable domestic space access for both unmanned and manned payloads. The tensions with Russia as a result of the Ukraine crisis have forced us to rethink part of the relationships that have built up, despite decades of cooperation. In the midst of the Cold War, an American spacecraft and a Soviet spacecraft rendezvoused, docked, and the crews lived together for 9 days in space. When the Cold War ended, we were rightly concerned...

According to the Missile Defense Agency, "there has been an increase of over 1,200 additional ballistic missiles over the last 5 years. The total of ballistic missiles outside the United States, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Russia and China has risen over 5,900. Hundreds of launchers and missiles are currently within the range of our deployed forces today." Russia and China are both engaged in aggressive modernization programs pointing hundreds of missiles of all sizes and ranges at the U.S., its allies, and our deployed forces. From the outset, the Obama administration...

The worlds other nuclear powers are modernizing their nuclear weapons capabilities and increasing reliance on nuclear weapons for their security. What are the implications of this global nuclear renewal around the world, for U.S. nuclear strategy forces and declaratory policy? While the size and composition of the U.S. nuclear arsenal is driven primarily by the nuclear and conventional might of Russia and agreements with Russia, the expansion of nuclear arsenals across the globe, coupled with a growing regional tension, suggests that there are other factors that should inform U.S. nuclear...