Communicating with people from other cultures using English (direct ICC) and/or encountering English cultural artefacts (indirect ICC), gives English learners purpose and meaning to study the language. Students who have had numerous ICC experiences have had the chance to experience authentic communication in English. This in turn gives them a sense of themselves as being an actual English user in the future, and consequently might boost their motivation for learning English, as they begin to see themselves in terms of an Ideal L2 Self in which they are English users. On the other hand,...