There is an artificial divide between the pre-clinical sciences and clinical medicine in a traditional medical programme, which results in medical students not encountering patients until the third or fourth year of study. Such curricula have frequently been criticized for this late clinical exposure. This book has emphasized the positive impact of early clinical exposure using case scenarios in a class room setting on students' performance. Case-based learning is a long established pedagogical method and has gained considerable attention recently as a leading approach to student-centered...

More than 90% of diabetic patients with poor glycemic controls for many years develop retinopathy. In diabetic retinopathy, free radicals are generated by autoxidation reactions of sugar and by autoxidation of unsaturated lipids in plasma and membrane proteins. Elevated generation of NO in ocular vessels of the perinate facilitates peroxynitrite formation with its deleterious effects including increased lipid peroxidation and platelet aggregation. The enhanced consumption of ascorbic acid results in increased oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid to scavenge increased free...