Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) of buildings is accomplished in many ways, depending on the size, configuration, and location of the buildings and the degree of environmental control needed. Small simple facilities can be cooled with a localized cooling unit whereas larger facilities employ several large units or centralized systems. Air conditioning system types are broken down into two types: direct expansion (DX) systems, in which there is direct heat exchange between the building air and the refrigerant, and chilled water systems that utilize chilled water as an...
Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) of buildings is accomplished in many ways, depending on the size, configuration, and location of the...
Successful HVAC systems are the key to successful buildings. In a central system, air can be conditioned in a remote location in the air-handling units and distributed to the various rooms by ductwork. Or the air can be conditioned directly in the indoor spaces through fan coil units or other terminal devices. The design of air distribution system must combine a proper choice of engineered products efficiently providing conditioned air to the space while adding architectural features which complement the interior design. A good understanding of the various types of commercial HVAC systems is...
Successful HVAC systems are the key to successful buildings. In a central system, air can be conditioned in a remote location in the air-handling unit...
The three primary reasons that the cooling water treatment may be required are to control corrosion, scale formation, and the growth of biological agents. Any of these problems - or more usually a combination of them - can cause a loss of efficiency, shorten equipment life and push up operating costs. Imagine the large amounts of dollars lost when insufficient cooling suddenly curtails operations of process equipment's. A very high percentage of people responsible for operation and maintenance of cooling water systems have little or no knowledge of water technology and are therefore totally...
The three primary reasons that the cooling water treatment may be required are to control corrosion, scale formation, and the growth of biological age...
Plumbing water distribution systems are designed on the idea of the most probable peak demand loading, which reflects the worst-case scenario for a system. These types of systems require different considerations than large-scale water distribution networks. The difference is primarily attributed to uncertainty regarding the use of plumbing fixtures, hence uncertainty in demand loadings. This 4-hour Quick Book provides comprehensive design methodology and underlying principles of plumbing water systems. This course addresses the design criteria for estimating potable water demand for...
Plumbing water distribution systems are designed on the idea of the most probable peak demand loading, which reflects the worst-case scenario for a sy...
Ventilation (the V in HVAC) is the process by which clean air (normally outdoor air) is intentionally provided to a space and the stale, overheated or polluted air is removed. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality and may be accomplished by either natural or mechanical means. The design and selection of ventilation system is a complex process which should involve professionals familiar with 'comfort' or 'hazard' control. In many cases...
Ventilation (the V in HVAC) is the process by which clean air (normally outdoor air) is intentionally provided to a space and the stale, overheated or...
Fuel consumers face a double challenge. One is economic - to get the best heating value for every fuel dollar. The other is environmental - to keep emissions low, at least within legislated limits. Fortunately, what benefits the first objective also benefits the second. A boiler installation costing $75,000 can easily consume over $400,000 in fuel every year. Consequently, even with very economical fuel costs, a difference of just a few percentage points in boiler efficiency can translate into substantial savings. Understanding boiler operating costs is the key to maximizing investments year...
Fuel consumers face a double challenge. One is economic - to get the best heating value for every fuel dollar. The other is environmental - to keep em...
Most HVAC systems are designed to handle the maximum potential temperature extremes, keeping the building cool on the hottest days and warm on the coldest days. As a result, the HVAC system only needs to work at full capacity on the ten or so hottest and coldest days of the year. On the other 345 days, the system could be operated at reduced capacity. HVAC pumps are generally designed for peak conditions and the output of these systems is controlled by mechanically constricting the flow with throttling valves. This wastes energy. By using a variable speed drives, chilled water flows can be...
Most HVAC systems are designed to handle the maximum potential temperature extremes, keeping the building cool on the hottest days and warm on the col...
Commercial air conditioning may be provided by a variety of equipment ranging from low horsepower self-contained systems to the very large built-up central systems of several thousand ton capacity. Customer/user's ultimate objective is to acquire and utilize an air conditioning system that will provide the most appropriate performance on a whole of life basis, in terms of capital, operating, replacement and maintenance costs. It's the architect's/HVAC engineer's responsibility to guide and advise the customers the best option. HVAC systems are of great importance to architectural design...
Commercial air conditioning may be provided by a variety of equipment ranging from low horsepower self-contained systems to the very large built-up ce...
