The main tasks of blow room process are opening, cleaning and blending of cotton fiber tufts without over stressing of fibers. One important function of the blow room is to disintegrate the fiber bales into a flow of very small clumps of fiber, which are sufficiently small in size to be digested by the cards. The intensity of fiber treatment is different, because the tufts continually become smaller as they pass from stage to stage. Cotton bale have non-lint content apart from cotton that have to be removed in the initial stages of spinning process itself. About 40% to 70% trash is removed in...

"Well carded is half spun" is a famous adage widely used among the spinning technologists around the world. Carding is considered as the heart of the spinning process. Carding is a mechanical action of reducing tufts of entangled fibers into a continuous web of individual fibers suitable for subsequent processing. The disentangling of fiber tufts facilitates effective trash removal. This is achieved by passing the fibers between closely spaced surfaces clothed with opposing sharp points. Carding process is considered the most important operation in the whole cotton spinning process.

In the spinning process, the unevenness of the product increases from stage to stage after the draw frame due to the steady decrease in number of fibres in the section. Uniform arrangement of fibres becomes more difficult because of their smaller number. Drawing is the important process where the card slivers are doubled and drafted in order to level the unevenness present in each sliver. Doubling is the combining of several slivers and drafting is attenuation. Drawing therefore involves the processes of drafting and doubling, with good fibre control being of the essence throughout.

Combing process aims to remove the short fibres from the group of fibres. The sliver produced in carding process has poor fiber orientation and higher short fiber content. The main objective of combing process is to remove short fibers and to improve fiber orientation. Combing is a key process that makes the difference between an ordinary yarn and a quality yarn.

Speed frame is also called as simplex or roving frame. The speed frame process minimizes the sliver weight to a suitable size for spinning into yarn and inserting twist, which maintains the integrity of the draft strands. It is impossible to feed the sliver to ring frame for yarn production due to limitation in draft in ring frame.

Spinning is the process of producing continuous twisted strands (yarn) of a desired size from fibrous materials. Spinning can be categorized based on staple length as long staple spinning and short staple spinning. Short staple spinning machines process fibres such as cotton, polyester, viscose and its blends thereof. The yarn formation is usually accomplished by any one of the spinning systems. Spinning systems presently employed include ring, rotor, self-twist, friction, air-jet, twistless and wrap-spinning, with the first mentioned two systems by far the most important for cotton spinning,...

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a controlled/"living" polymerization system. ATRP is based on a reversible exchange between a low concentration of growing radicals and a dormant species. Reactivation of the dormant species allows the polymer chains to grow and deactivate again. The radical formation is occurred by transition metal catalyst that activates the organic initiator or dormant species by abstracting a halide at the chain end. This process results in a polymer chain that grows slowly and steadily and has a well-defined end group, because under appropriate conditions...

Polyesters have excellent fiber properties such as chemical, heat and light stability, and high strength. However, polyesters, especially polyester fibers and fabrics, are difficult to dye. The molecular structure and the high levels of orientation and crystallinity that impart the desirable properties to the polyester also contribute to a resistance to coloration by dye compounds.Ionic groups may be introduced into the polymer chain of normal polyester, so that it becomes dyeable with cationic and acid dyes.

Care labels indicate how to clean textile articles in the best possible way. Care symbols provide all the necessary information on washing, bleaching, ironing, dry cleaning and tumble drying. Without this information, the consumer will face trouble in deciding on the appropriate care treatment of the textile item because it does not depend on the main fabric solely. Indeed, all the components of the textile need be taken into account: other fibres, accessories, but also dying, finishing treatments and texture. Using care labels provides the consumer with care information he does not have to...

Ink-jet printing is one of the most-advanced fields during the last few years. It has surpassed traditional printing methods in many ways. Ink-jet printing had myriad application in the area of work place, in photographic imaging, in producing large color posters and in other industrial applications such as marking, coding and addressing of packaging material. The inks used for digital printing must be very high quality because of the enjoinment they are used.Printing with reactive and acid dye inks in the early developments with textile ink-jet focused on this water-soluble dye based inks...