Buildings, trees, and terrain represent main local sources of propagation impairment in land mobile satellite (LMS) propagation. These elements interact with wave propagation through reflection, scattering and diffraction. Thus it is very important to characterize their effects on the radio channel. Accurate characterization is crucially needed to optimize system parameters such as power link budget, fading margin and hand-off algorithm. At mobile satellite frequencies roadside buildings can be assumed as conduction objects that significantly block the propagating signal. Even with existence...