Improving reproductive health is central to achieving Millennium Development Goals on improving maternal health and reducing child mortality. This requires access of the women to safe and effective methods of fertility control. The promotion of family planning strategies are required, so that women can avoid unwanted pregnancies. A qualitative study was conducted in the District Dang, Nepal to identify various factors that affect the preferred use of modern contraceptives. Knowledge about contraceptives, educational status of married women, number of children and fear of side effects were the...

Hepatitis B is a major public health problem and an infectious disease with major pathology in the liver caused by Hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV can cause acute or chronic infection. In South East Asian Region (SEAR), more than one-third of the population has been infected with HBV and 80 billion (about 6% of total population) are life long carriers. It is estimated about 200,000 deaths per year associated with Hepatitis B in this region. In Nepal there is low Hepatitis B endemicity i.e. less than 2 percent prevalence of chronic HBV infection. Since, adolescent are more vulnerable to Hepatitis...

The Respiratory module of spiral II for 3rd Year MBBS, has been designed to provide an insight of basic concepts regarding Respiratory disorders and their malignancies. The pathologies of Respiratory system will be discussed in detail. Moreover, this module encompasses the integration of Respiratory pathologies amongst various disciplines like pathology, pharmacology, forensic, community, pulmonology, peadiatrics and otorhynolaryngology. It will enable to understand the etiology, epidemiology, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, management and preventive...

The Gastrointestinal tract module of spiral II has been structured to provide an insight of basic concepts regarding gastrointestinal, hepato-biliary and pancreatic disorders. This module covers the pathologies of gastrointestinal and hepato-biliary system in detail to understand the risk factors, aetiology, prevention, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, complications and treatment options. The Gastrointestinal public health issues and medico-legal aspects are also addressed in this module. Moreover the integrated system will also allow to correlate the Pathology with...