The relationship between the United States and Iran has long been burdened by missed opportunities and misunderstandings. Even during the Cold War at the height of the alliance between America and the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard Nixon increasingly found themselves having to overcome tensions with Tehran. In US Foreign Policy and the Modernization of Iran, Ben Offiler argues that these presidents engaged with the Shah in a contest over Iranian modernity and, despite Washington's superpower status, struggled to exert...