Growth and development of facial region is influenced by various factors. The development and maturation of normal oropharyngeal functions play an important role in craniofacial growth and occlusal physiology. During developmental period, the child goes through various phases i.e. from no teeth, to primary teeth and loosing them, to permanent teeth. If this routine goes without any disturbance, the child enters the adulthood with healthy dentition and oral structures. Any muscular imbalance caused by extrinsic or intrinsic pressure will show their effect on the growing bone which will result...

Verbal communication skills account for 7 percent of the communication process. The other 93 percent consists of nonverbal (expressions) and symbolic communications. Expressions reveal a person's true thoughts, feelings and intentions. As we all know that actions speak louder than words, one of the fascinating things about this nonverbal behavior is its universal applicability. Nothing beats seeing expressions up close and personal. This book is directed towards the evolution of muscles of facial expression.

Human body is composed of three basic types of muscles namely skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Each muscle is supplied by many nerves and in turn each nerve supplies many muscle fibres. To carry out a smooth and coordinated muscle function,both the muscle acting and the nerve supplying it should be in sync with each other. This book provides a basic understanding with respect to the physiological aspects of muscle and nerve at the molecular level and their applied aspects in medicine.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles to living organisms, such as humans, animals, plants and the functional basic units of life, the cells. As force is the medicine in orthodontics we need to understand the basic laws of mechanics and its effects on living cells. Today's orthodontist needs a working knowledge of both segmented and continuous arch mechanics. There are indications for both, and therefore a practitioner should not be limited to one or the other. This book deals with the case selection criteria, possibilities, treatment time sequencing, advantages and...

Sterilization and Disinfection form one of the most important aspects of any medical care facilities such as hospitals,nursing homes. The concept was first introduced in the 19th century and since then, a number of methods have been introduced to the medical field. The different methods include hot air oven, autoclave, gas sterilization, plasma sterilization and chemical agents. In this book, we have discussed the different methods of sterilization and disinfection in hospitals.