Edgar Allen Poe is a famous american author known worldwide. Edgar Allan Poe, born Edgar Poe; (January 19, 1809 - October 7, 1849) was an American author, poet, editor, and literary critic. Poe's works were considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story, and is generally considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a...

This book gives a general overview of Grand Unification Theory (G.U.T.). GUT is a theory that is modeled around The Standard Model of High Energy Particle Physics. The strict form of GUT seeks to model the combination of three out of four of the currently observed fundamental forces into a single force. GUT tries to unite the electromagnetic, the weak and the strong force into one theory or model. If all three of these forces are then united with gravity, this is regarded to be a Theory of Everything (T.O.E.). In this perspective, Grand Unification Theory is an intermediate step towards...

Mathematical Lie groups are smooth differentiable manifolds and as such can be studied using differential calculus, in contrast with the case of more general topological groups. Lie groups represent the best-developed theory of continuous symmetry of mathematical objects and structures, which makes them indispensable tools for many parts of contemporary mathematics, as well as for modern theoretical physics. Lie groups provide a natural framework for analyzing the continuous symmetries of differential equations in much the same way as permutation groups are used in Galois theory for analyzing...

This book gives a comprehensive development of mathematics from the prehistoric Ishango 'tally' bone of the Congo (c. 20,000 BC), the Sumerians in Babylonia (c. 3000 BC) then through the Egyptian, Greek (Hellenistic Period), Arabian and Islamic mathematics including Chinese and Indian contributions. Topics beginning with algebra and proceeding through calculus, combinatorics, geometry, logic, mathematical notation, number theory, statistics and trigonometry. A chapter is devoted to published critical papers on mathematics with a wonderful timeline of mathematics that covers the major events...

Originally proposed in 1899 by German physicist Max Planck, these units are also known as natural units because the origin of their definition comes only from properties of the fundamental physical theories and not from interchangeable experimental parameters. Planck units are only one system of several systems of natural units, but these units are not based on properties of any prototype object or particle (that would be arbitrarily chosen), but rather on only the properties of free space. This book is a discussion and overview of the fundamental units of our Universe and is designed to be a...

The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution. It states that the universe expanded from a very high density state, and offers a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observed phenomena, including the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background, large scale structure, and Hubble's Law. If the known laws of physics are extrapolated beyond where they are valid, there is a singularity. Modern measurements place this moment at approximately 13.8 billion years ago,...

Gauge theories are important as the successful field theories explaining the dynamics of elementary particles. Quantum electrodynamics is an abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) and has one gauge field, the electromagnetic four-potential, with the photon being the gauge boson. The Standard Model is a non-abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1)xSU(2)xSU(3) and has a total of twelve gauge bosons: the photon, three weak bosons and eight gluons. Gauge theories are also important in explaining gravitation in the theory of general relativity. This book is designed to be a...

Spontaneously-broken supersymmetry could solve many mysterious problems in particle physics including the hierarchy problem. The simplest realization of spontaneously-broken supersymmetry, the so-called Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, is one of the best studied candidates for physics beyond the Standard Model. There is only indirect evidence and motivation for the existence of supersymmetry. In my opinion the term "Supersymmetry" is a misnomer . Symmetry has always been a prevailing premise and aid to understand the fundamental behavior of the forces of nature, the sciences and most...

In mathematics and physics it is quite common to test a theory, model or equation by examining how they behave at the limits of the phenomena in consideration. This where the use and results of a paradox arise. Typically the paradox is based on the sound logic or reasoning of the premise under consideration but leads to a contradiction that seems impossible, illogical or a violation in the principle of the premise. A simple example that is usually encountered is the following; 'If God is omnipotent, can God create an object so heavy that He can not lift it'. Another such paradox exists when...

The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution. It states that the universe expanded from a very high density state, and offers a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observed phenomena, including the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background, large scale structure, and Hubble's Law. If the known laws of physics are extrapolated beyond where they are valid, there is a singularity. Modern measurements place this moment at approximately 13.8 billion years ago,...