Begomovirus infections are one of the main biotic stress for plants. These viruses are transmitted by whitefly. Begomoviruses have emerged as important viral pathogens of all types plants in the world. Viral infections are extremely difficult to control and their physiological consequences can be highly variable so, leading to a continued lack of understanding of their effects. This study indicates the effect of agro-infiltration of infectious clones of begomoviruses on the physiology of tomato and tobacco plants which interact with the host defense mechanism. It was found that the leaf RWC,...

The glaciers in western Karakoram are important for freshwater supply in the rivers of Pakistan. Global warming influences the future water supply from glaciers. In order to study the hydrological conditions and possible impacts of climate change, runoff simulations are performed for the Hunza basin. The hydrological modelling platform (HMP) of IMGI has been customized / applied to the Hunza basin. Various data obtained from satellite remote sensing imagery and meteorological stations in the study area are processed, prepared and used as input to model. For runoff simulations the basin is...

Lahore city is very highly polluted. The major causes of which are alarmingly increasing number of motor vehicles and a large number of industries. The research highlights the spatio-temporal patterns of sample pollutants including Sulfur dioxide, Oxides of Nitrogen, Carbon monoxide Ozone, and Particulate matter. The concentrations of these pollutants have been monitored at ten sample sites in the city. The effects of increasing air pollution on population of study area have been studied using questionnaire techniques.