This book presents the investigation done on the effect of water temperatures on concrete properties. Water is an essential ingredient in concrete. The temperature of water changes according to the weather. This creates special challenges in the concrete production especially at hot climatic. Hence, there are more obstacles to overcome when using hot water to produce concrete. The effect of water temperature during casting and curing of concrete on concrete properties have been studied. Concrete samples were prepared and cured under different water temperature and the properties of concrete...

Controlled low strength material (CLSM) is self-compacting flowable fill which is primarily used as backfill. This book presents the investigation done on CLSM mixtures made using NaOH, lime, bottom ash, fly ash, and water. A series of experiments on fresh state, viz. flowability, fresh density, segregation resistance and bleeding were conducted. The CLSM mixtures were also tested for water absorption, hardened density, ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength at hardened state. The flowability of all samples is 300 20 mm and increase in FA/binder ratio reduces the flowability of...

This book presents a series of experimental and theoretical studies aimed at the development of a design guideline for CFRP strengthened CFS structures. Thin elements may buckle locally at a stress level lower than the yield stress of steel when they are subjected to compression in flexural bending and axial compression. This can be controlled to some extent by strengthening the steel members with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets to improve buckling resistance. For purpose of validation, the results based on proposed design equation from North American specification for the...

During the manufacturing of steel billets in the steel mills, iron oxide is formed as a flaky surface on the billets due to the hot rolling and cooling down process of the steel. Industrially, this surface is called billet scale. It is an industrial solid waste. In this study, billet scale is used as sand partial replacement in concrete. Six different percentage replacement of billet scale were used in this study. Concrete made with various percentages of billet scale were cured in two different mediums for the durability assessment, namely fresh water and water with higher salinity....

This book reports the results of an investigation done on assessing the effect of Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA) as additive in cement mortar. WPSA from paper mill is used as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement in mortar. The study involves four replacement levels of WPSA into OPC at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Tests were conducted to explore the characteristics and properties of WPSA in mortar at fresh and hardened states. The mortar cubes were cast and were cured for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days to explore the strength development of the mortar. It is concluded that addition of WPSA at...