Residual dentine is the dentine left during and after instrumentation. Dentine has excellent buffering capability to neutralise the effects of cariogenic acids. The remaining dentine thickness, from the base of the cavity preparation and the pulp, is one of the most important factors in protecting the pulp against numerous types of insults. The remaining dentine thickness affects pulp vitality and the outcome of restorative procedures. Restorative dentistry rests on the hypothesis that bacterial infection of demineralised dentine should prompt operative intervention. One of the concepts of...

Root apex is the most complex region. Therapeutically, it is a highly challenging zone, and prognostically an important and unfortunately most obscure and unclear area. Therefore, for effective and efficient management during endodontic therapy, an endodontist should have a thorough knowledge of the anatomical variations and mechanical challenges involved in the treatment of apical third.The variations in the morphology and the technical challenges that are involved in the treatment of the apical third appear infinite.

The need for proper tooth isolation during restorative procedures is undeniable because anything that obscures the operative field negatively impacts the efficiency and effectiveness of the operator. When proper isolation is lacking, visibility, patient/operator safety, infection control, and the physical properties of dental materials are all compromised. The focal point of our isolation efforts should be the prevention of aspiration or ingestion of endodontic instruments, but isolation should also include the quest for canal space asepsis

Appropriately polymerized material will have a positive influence on both the physical and biological properties of the restoration and should aid in promoting clinical success. This book has focused on various light-curing units available today. The never-ending advancements in the field of conservative dentistry encouraged us to investigate and document about this topic. Advancements in the light-curing units have continuously followed the advances in the restorative materials

The importance of the horizontal dimensions or working width (WW) of the root canal system has not been addressed in most of the research. In long oval or flat canal preparations, the WW is very important as it alters the operator to the possibilities of incomplete root canal preparation. The concepts, techniques, and technologies to measure initial horizontal dimensions and to determine final horizontal dimensions accurately or properly are underdeveloped. Understanding the current concepts and techniques of cleaning and shaping of root canal system; carefully maintaining the aseptic chain,...