Revolutionary political organizations have thrived and undertaken ambitious initiatives across Latin America as left-wing governments there began challenging US imperialism and moving away from neoliberal policies. In Venezuela and Brazil particularly, already-existing movements played an active role in advancing the class struggle and implementing or radicalizing socialist policies, such as the agrarian reform. In doing so, they have also established a deep but uneasy partnership with the left-wing ruling parties. This dissertation uses the framework of insurgent planning to analyse how the...