Bottom outlet conduits are the most important side constructions in dams which are used to control of reservoir water volume in back of dam, regulation of downstream water right and drain of the reservoir sediment. The Flushing operations to drain the reservoir sediments by high-speed flow in bottom outlet conduits of dams can create cavitation damages in these structures. Experiences showed that the flow aeration can decrease the risk of cavitation damages effectively. The investigations of flow characteristics by numerical methods along with physical hydraulic models can be effective in...

Seepage and evaporation are the most serious forms of water losses in an irrigation canal networks. These losses are sometimes very high, of the order of 25 to 50% of water diverted into the main canal. Seepage is not only a waste of water, but also may lead to other problems such as water-logging and salinization of agricultural land. Additionally, the amount lost to seepage often falls within the discharge measurement errors of traditional methods. In this research, earthen trapezoidal canal has been considered for determination of seepage by numerical simulation using Geo-Studio software...