Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. Several studies have evaluated the relationship between chronic bronchitis and lung cancer. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease refers to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of two commonly co-existing diseases of the lungs. The leading cause of both lung cancer and COPD is well recognized in tobacco use. The aim of our study is to assess the capability of Image Cytometry to identify neoplastic lesions that occur in smokers using 5cER as diagnostic parameter that could help clinicians in lung cancers early detection,...