Human sebaceous glands are found over the entire skin surface (except the palms and soles).Its function is to secrete sebum. Sebum production is continuous and is not controlled by neural mechanisms. Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous units.The pathophysiologic factors that influence the development of acne are altered follicular growth and differentiation, sebaceous gland hyperplasia with seborrhea, P. acnes colonization of the follicle and inflammation. The aim was to evaluate serum lipids and sex hormones in female patients with different grades of acne. 80 female...

Nephropathy is a major complication of diabetes and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease; it is clinically characterized by proteinuria and progressive renal insufficiency. Human podocytes have been demonstrated to be functionally and structurally injured in the natural history of diabetic nephropathy. Urinary podocyte count and measurement of urinary podocyte specific markers (nephrin, synaptopodin, podocin and podocalyxin) have been developed to detect podocyte injury. We discuss the emerging clinical importance of the urinary podocyte count in experimental and human glomerular...

Bone is a highly specialized supporting framework of the body, characterized by its rigidity, hardness, and power of regeneration and repair. It protects the vital organs, provides an environment for marrow, acts as a mineral reservoir for calcium homeostasis and a reservoir of growth factors and cytokines, and also takes part in acid-base balance. Bone metabolism is characterized by an intimate cooperation of bone cells including osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes in order to maintain a regulated amount of bone tissue and the integrity of bone structure. In metabolic bone diseases such...