A dispute between Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger and Walter Kasper beginning in the 1960s reveals two competing worldviews within the Catholic Church: the ontological approach, represented by Ratzinger, which understands the truth to be eternal, unchanging and handed down from above, and the historical-phenomenological approach, represented by Kasper, which understands human experience as dynamically shaping conceptions of the truth. These competing worldviews hold broader theological implications in terms of how Catholics approach and understand their relationship with Judaism. Because the...