Physico-chemical characterization of 4 cry proteins was done and interpreted the properties such as molecular weight, pI, EC, AI, GRAVY, amino acid composition and instability index. The highest GRAVY and AI value were found in Cry4Aa (0.827) and cry2Aa 1(84.53). Prediction of motifs, patterns, disulfide bridges and secondary structure, transmembrane regions and domains of Cry proteins were performed for functional characterization. Four template sequences (1I5P, ADL6, 2C9K and 1W99) were used for homology modeling (Swiss Model and EsyPred3D) to predict the 3D structure. The LG score for...

Heliconiinae is one subfamily of Nymphalidae, has played a key role in understanding evolutionary biology and ecology and it would be difficult to point a group of Neotropical butterflies that have contributed more to our knowledge of the biological processes in the tropics. The derived members of the tribe have undergone rapid speciation and divergence, while also exhibiting impressive mimetic convergence in wing patterns. Despite several recent important efforts to elucidate the higher level relationships of butterflies, there is still only fragmentary knowledge about patterns of...