In intensive aquaculture system, farmed fishes are more prone to inevitable stress and ultimately to various diseases. To overcome this, immunomodulation of cultured fishes by dietary manipulation offers viable sustainable alternative to reduce the use of antibiotic, drugs, pesticides, hormones and other chemicals which in turn increases the residual load in the aquatic environment. A variety of immonostimulants especially bacterial polysaccharides have been in vogue to enhance the nonspecific immunity in fishes. Levan, a type of fructan is a non-digestible food fibre, consisting of (2-6)...

Cryopreservation of spermatozoa has long been used in breeding of many animal species and is now spreading to aquaculture for the countless advantages like the reduced risk of transmitting infections, the production of hybrids with desirable characteristics, the creation of new selection lines useful for breeding and the setting up of sperm banks.Important factors in the cryopreservation of fish spermatozoa include the extender, the cryoprotectant, the freezing and thawing protocols and the cryo-container.An extender is a medium to dilute and to get a larger amount of diluted milt for...