Traditional studies of deterrence/rational choice processes included formal sanctions meant to influence the likelihood of whether people will engage in criminal acts. More recent studies include these formal sanctions as well as a limited range of informal sanctions which also appear to have some influence on decisions regarding criminal behavior. However, the existing literature of rational choice models of offending is devoid of studies which integrate formal, informal, and affective costs/benefits. Also, very little research has been done which addresses gender differences in the...