The role of signaling pathways such as plant hormonal signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling, and oxidative stress signaling in plant under stress is of great significance. MAPK molecules are a set of proteins, handling different functions in plant including cell cycling, plant growth and development, plant response to stress, etc. To make plants survive more efficiently under salinity stress, the signaling pathways including the MAPK cascade must be recognized in greater details. Accordingly in this book some of the most recent and important details related to the role...

Plant hormones are important biochemical components affecting plant functioning under different conditions including stress. If the related signaling pathways are specified with great details, it will be possible to develop plants, which may perform more efficiently under stress. Accordingly, the most recent and applicable details related to the effects of plant hormones on the performance and survival of plant under stress have been presented in this book. Hoping that such a contribution is used efficiently, worldwide.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are symbiotic to most terrestrial plants. The fungi are an important part of ecosystem affecting its efficiency. Among the most important effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the ecosystem efficiency is by alleviating different stresses such as pathogens, drought, salinity, compaction, etc. The fungi are able to enhance plant growth by increasing the uptake of water and nutrients and by producing plant hormones. Accordingly, in this book some of the latest finding and progress related to the effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the efficiency of ecosystem by alleviating...

The effects of soil tillage on the activities of soil microbes can significantly affect the environment and is of ecological and economical significance. Such a subject includes a wide range of details related to the performance of soil microbes under different tillage practices and the subsequent effects. With respect to the positive effects of new tillage practices on the properties of soil and hence plant growth and crop production, they are now being used more widely, compared with the traditional method of tillage. In this book some of the latest details related to the use of different...

The significant role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the alleviation of salinity stress affecting the efficiency of ecosystem has been presented. The fungi are able to alleviate the stress by increasing the uptake of water and nutrients by the host plant, production of different products including plant hormones and interaction with the other soil microbes. Some of the most recent and important details have been presented and analysed. Mohammad Miransari AbtinBerkeh Ltd. Company

Crop plants including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are subjected to stress, worldwide. It is hence pertinent to find methods, which may result in the enhancement of crop growth under stress. Different methods including physical, chemical and biological methods have been tested to alleviate the adverse effects of stress on plant growth and yield production. ...

The rapid advancement of science in natural fields has made the applicability of experiments and research work more useable and meaningful than before. In this book, a collection of more than 120 abstracts in a wide range of biological sciences including plant science, plant physiology, plant-microbe interactions, microbiology, environment, ecology, agriculture, and biotechnology have been presented. It can be useful for students, academician and researchers of related disciplines to take advantage for their study and their research. AbtinBerkeh Scientific Ltd. Company has previously...