Sheep (Ovis aries) is well-thought-out to be a significant source of nutrition around the world. This study is about exploiting the possibility of irradiating sheep meat with Gamma Radiation and optimizing a radiation dose that can be set as a standard against which sheep meat could be sterilized in future in Pakistan. Radiation treatment can adequately eliminate possibly pathogenic bacteria that includes both long-time known pathogens such as Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus as well as new emerging pathogens such as Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes or Escherichia coli O157:...

Irradiation is the significant way of sterilization of food from microbes. This study is conducted to determine the microbial load on organic chicken and their elimination by gamma radiation and enhance the shelf life of organic chicken and optimizing the radiation dose that can be set as a standard for the sterilization of organic chicken meat in Pakistan. The microbes which eliminated by radiation treatment are Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. and Aeromonas hydrophila. In addition to this, acid and antibiotic resistant microbial load is also...

Zea mays is the most economically important annual crop. A vector containing GUS reporter gene was introduce into corn via Agrobacterium mediated transformation.Transformants of different varieties of maize will be efficiently produced.The transformants will be histochemically detected for the presence of GUS reporter gene.Some conditions for best Agrobacterium mediated transformation was standardized using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101 harboring binary vector Pzy102 containing GUS as reporter gene in kashmiri variety of corn. Numerous factors were compared and optimized for...

The stresses like cold, drought, and high salinity, which all cause dehydration damage to the plant cell, is the most common environmental stresses that influence plant growth and development, limiting productivity in cultivated areas world-wide. The stress genes control expression of many drought, salinity and cold inducible genes and causing tolerance to environmental stresses in many plants. Using a pair of specific primers, dehydrin1 gene, dehydrin2 gene, dehydrin10 gene, putative phosphate transporter gene, choline momooxygenase gene and DREB/CBF1c gene were amplified from different...

Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops throughout the world and is available in almost all seasons of the year in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Various conditions for the in vitro germination of tomato were optimized. When seeds were inoculated in half strength MS medium supplemented with 2mg/L BAP and 2mg/L of NAA reduced number of days was recorded for seed germination. A vector having reporter gene GUS was transformed into the four varieties of tomato cultivars. ViaAgrobacterium mediated transformation method. For all four cultivars two types of explants were used...

The present study was conducted to characterize the Chitinase enzyme from Bacillus thuringiensis strains.13 strains of Bacillus thuringiensis were screened. All strains were found to have chitinolytic activity. The chitinolytic strains were screened for maximum activity at varying pH. Chitinase activity was assayed as the amount of N-acetylglucosamine released in U/ml using the DNS assay method. The maximum activity (0.229 0.001 U/ml) was shown by CMBL-Bt4 after 4 days of incubation at 37 C (pH 7.0) when medium was supplemented with 1% colloidal chitin. PCR was employed to amplify the...

Food safety is a major issue around the globe in terms of food spoilage and food borne illnesses. Gamma radiation is being practiced in recent years alone and in combination with some other treatments to increase microbial safety of food. In this study the microbial quality of ready-to-eat biryani was evaluated and the effect of different doses of gamma rays was analysed. The upshot showed 3kGy to be optimized dose at which microbial burden was minimized. Hence gamma radiations can be a good choice for making the food safe by reducing the chance of invasion of disease producing and spoilage...

Chitin is a linear polymer of β-(1, 4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) sugar while the Chitinases are the enzymes that are responsible for the breakdown of chitin. Various chitinase genes from different microorganisms have been amplified and are expressed in different hosts so far by various researchers. Present study focused on cloning and expression of hydrolytic enzyme (Chitinase) in Ecoli from Bacillus thuringiensis containing chitinase gene.

The study was conducted to make goat meat safe for consumption by eliminating microbes that are pathogenic when ingested. For this purpose, goat meat was radiated at the doses of 0.5 kGy, 1 kGy and 1.5 kGy with Co60 radiation. Microbial load of meat was examined which included total viable count, coliform count, Staphylococcus count, hemolytic bacterial count and yeast and mold count. Moreover, these microbes were also checked for the endospore count, acid resistance at pH 2 and pH 3 and antibiotic resistance for ampicillin, gentamycin and vancomycin. Gamma radiation dose of 1.5 kGy was...

Irradiation is the significant way of sterilization of food from microbes. This work was conducted to determine the microbial load on Broiler chicken and their elimination by gamma radiation and enhance the shelf life of Broiler chicken. Broiler chicken samples were irradiated at 0.5, 1 and 1.5kGy doses by gamma radiation source Co60. Then samples were tested to evaluate the microbes Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., on broiler chicken by total viable count, Staphylococcus count, coliform count, yeast and mold count and hemolytic bacterial count....