Fetuin-A is a glycoprotein formed by liver cells and is secreted into circulation in high concentration where it affects the function of many tissues. It is formed during embryogenesis. It stimulates bone remodeling It also regulates the process of osteogenesis. Fetuin-A plays a role in bone metabolism and it has various functions such as ectopic calcification inhibition. Its low level is associated with cardiovascular mortality in dialysis patients. Serum concentration of fetuin-A is directly associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia because, it inhibits the insulin-stimulated...

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble glycoprotein, mainly involved in bone metabolism, but it is also found in various other tissues like vascular smooth muscle cells. OPG has been implicated in various inflammations and has additionally been linked to diabetes mellitus, silent myocardial ischemia, acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction. Osteoprotegerin, a glycoprotein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, was originally discovered as an inhibitor of bone resorption. This inhibition is mediated through osteoprotegerin's binding and neutralization of...

Nanotechnology is an emerging multidisciplinary science that involves applications based upon the synthesis of molecules in the nanoscale (i.e., 10-9 m) size range. The concept of "nanotechnology" is derived, in part, from the Greek word "nano," meaning "dwarf." From a material sciences standpoint, the generation of new products using engineered nanomaterials is exciting because as one moves down the nanoscale, i.e, reducing the particle size range below 100 nm), the properties of particles are known to change; and implementation of these properties can be exploited to provide products with...