Crossing a river against a defending enemy force is a difficult and complex task for any army. History has shown that preparation is necessary to avoid disasters during this type of operation. In 2003, the Third Infantry Division crossed the Euphrates River because it was prepared for this task and possessed the necessary equipment. Since then, no other divisions or corps has executed river crossing operations. While the United States Army focused on counterinsurgency operations during the last twelve years, it underwent significant changes to adapt to meet the adversities on the battlefield....

The most notorious period of the French-Algerian War was the Battle of Algiers. The war was brought on by many developments beginning with the original French invasion in 1830 and subsequent annexation of Algeria as part of the French empire. Ultimately, the simplistic legal definition of who was French and enduring distinctions between citizens and subjects were at the root of the war. Noteworthy international land warfare laws evolved during France's rule of Algeria. Notable acts of legislation compounded the discrimination between the French and the Algerians. These laws, many...

The 'Pivot to the Pacific' reasserts American power in a critical region, reassures American allies, and maintains the current regional balance of power in the face of rising Chinese might. Military power is essential to the rebalancing effort. Many analysts assert air and sea power will dominate military strategy and operations in the Pacific. The Navy and the Air Force suggest AirSea Battle, emerging Joint Doctrine, as the operational concept the United States should employ. It is intended to counter Chinese efforts to prevent American forces from reaching the western Pacific and limit...

The purpose of this book is to identify relationships between Nazi Macroeconomic policy and its ability to enable genocide. This book uses primary source documentation from newspapers, historical documents and published works to examine Nazi ideology as it relates to economics and macroeconomic policy. Accompanying this research is an analysis of steps the United States could have taken to stop or deter Nazi economic policy using the Mass Atrocities Prevention and Response Handbook's economic planning guidance.

Urban terrain presents significant tactical challenges to attacking armies, limiting weapons effects and mobility while disrupting formations and command and control. The human terrain in cities creates a tactical dilemma, placing large civilian populations in close proximity to the fighting. The issue of restraint in urban warfare has been described as a modern phenomenon, with urban warfare in World War II characterized as unlimited. In April 1945, however, the Canadian Army limited its firepower while attacking the city of Groningen, Netherlands to limit damage and civilian casualties....

Since even before the U.S. Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the creation of the Continental Army in 1775, a cognitive tension has always existed between civil authority and military planners. This tension creates gaps between the political strategy and military tactics. The clock metaphor will show that three critical components of war affect how the military planner practices operational art. These components-the value of the political object being sought, the duration, and the magnitude of effort-establish casual relationships that shape the conduct of war. To illustrate this...

This book analysis and compares selected counterinsurgencies, to include the Afghanistan conflict since 2001, with an emphasis in the Bermal district of the rural Eastern Afghanistan region (Paktika Province). The comparison provides lessons and examples of challenges seen across different periods in time and regions, under the themes of insurgencies and counterinsurgencies. Taking into account the development of a new type of operational informant, which has evolved due to the continual status of conflict the United States has encountered since 2001. The book explains how the key...

The 91st Infantry Division was a National Army Division created prior to World War I. Based at Camp Lewis, Washington, it was composed of draftees from the northwestern United States. Following a train up that lasted less than one year, this division departed for Europe in June 1918. In France, the 91st Division conducted additional training, but the AEF pushed it to the front lines before it was completed. In its first combat experience, the 91st Division fought on the front lines of the Meuse-Argonne. In the first days of this battle, the 91st Division, although inexperienced, gained more...