The future market forces and environmental considerations in the passenger car and commercial vehicle sector mean more stringent engine downsizing is far more prevalent. Therefore, novel systems are required to provide boosting solutions including hybrid, electric-motor and exhaust waste energy recovery systems for high efficiency, response, reliability, durability and compactness.

The current emission legislations and environmental trends for reducing CO2 and fuel consumption are the major market forces in the land and marine transport industries. The internal combustion engine is...