A direct causal relationship between smoking exposure and the prevalence and the severity of periodontal disease has been firmly established. Smoking is one of the most significant risk factors in the development and progression of periodontal disease. For dental health professionals, the knowledge that oral cancer and periodontal disease are adverse health effects of smoking is particularly significant.
A direct causal relationship between smoking exposure and the prevalence and the severity of periodontal disease has been firmly established. Smoking ...
