arranged. Among them the following types are met: nanotubes, nanop- ticles, nanopowders, nano?bers, nanowires, nanocomposites, etc. At the microscale Microcomposites, such as metal matrix composites (MMCs), ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), alloys or superalloys, s- tered powders, ceramic materials, magnetorheological ?uids (MRFs), etc. At the macroscale Macrocomposites, such as functionally graded ma- rials (FGMs), thin layers or ?lms, thermal or oxidation or wear resistant coatings, multilayered structures, long ?ber composites, etc. At each level of analysis a response of the material to...