Fixed Functional appliances have been used since the nineteenth century. By using functional appliances in conjunction with fixed appliances and extra-oral forces, best possible results for a patient can be accomplished with less possibility of problems and greater long-term stability, a stability that depends on the balance of teeth, bone and muscle achieved during the treatment. An update review on Fixed Functional Appliances and philosophy behind their modus operandi is presented in this book. Various appliances are discussed with illustrations. This book will provide Clinical...

Anchorage is one of the main aspects of orthodontic treatment planning and plays a very important role in all stages of treatment. The aim of this book is to collect, analyze and segregate the various aspects of anchorage in the literature of orthodontics and present the same in a concise systematic manner. This book will also deal with the recent advancement in anchorage conservation and also regarding loss of anchorage which is desirable in certain clinical conditions.

The periodic incorporation of advances in the biomedical, bioengineering, and computer sciences allow the creation of increasingly more comprehensive revisions of the functional matrix hypothesis.Craniofacial skeletal growth is very important in Orthodontics, since variations in craniofacial morphology are the source of most serious malocclusions. To understand growth one must know the Functional Matrix Hypothesis (FMH). The aim of this book is to cover all the basics, concepts and modifications of Functional Matrix Hypothesis.

The materials used by orthodontists have changed rapidly in recent years and will continue to do so in the future. As esthetic composite archwires are introduced, metallic archwires will likely be replaced for most orthodontic applications in the same way that metals have been replaced by composites in the aerospace industry. Archwires are reviewed in the order of their development, with emphasis on specific properties and characteristics, such as strength, stiffness, range, formability, and weldability. Because an ideal material has not yet been found, archwires should be selected within the...

Fluoride is like a double-edged sword as it is proved to be one of the most successful measures for the prevention of dental caries in public-health history but at the same time its toxicity at higher levels has also been well established. In terms of fluoride toxicity, the high levels of fluoride in the system may have a range of the effects. These effects can be classified as acute, due to a single ingestion of a large amount of fluoride or chronic, due to long term ingestion of smaller amounts. To understand the biological effects of fluoride, a thorough knowledge of fluoride metabolism is...

Growth biologically and histologically is a composite of morphogenetic and histogenetic changes occurring continuously over a period of time in response to genetic coding and environmental influences. Human growth is characterized by considerable variation in the rate of progress of different persons toward physiologic maturity. It is one of the most myriad variations in nature and plays an important role in the etiology of malocclusion and also in evaluation of diagnosis, treatment planning, retention and stability of any case.The developmental status of a child is usually assessed in...