CDMA is analogy where two people speaking the same language can understand each other, but not other people. Similarly in CDMA technique each user use same channel which is associated with a particular code can understand each other. Orthogonal spreading codes for CDMA used to avoid spoofing. . Spoofing is the act of falsely or maliciously introducing misleading or false traffic or messages to a network.orthogonal spreading code in CDMA has ability to avoid unauthorized network to listen in to a network and use information from the network without being a valid network member or participant....

The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) plays a central role in a number of signal and image processing applications. The lifting scheme is a new algorithm proposed for the implementation of the wavelet transform. It can reduce the computational complexity of DWT involved with the convolution implementation. The lifting scheme consists of the following three steps Split, Predict and Update step. In conventional Lifting Scheme based DWT, complete image is divided into two parts that is even and odd image pixels. One even and one odd image pixel leads to PREDICT and UPDATE steps. In Piecewise...

Good error control performance requires the scheme to be selected based on the characteristics of the communication channel. Consequently, error-detecting and correcting codes can be generally distinguished between random-error-detecting/correcting and burst-error-detecting/correcting. Cyclic codes have favorable properties in that they are well suited for detecting burst errors. The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is an error detection technique that is widely utilized in digital data communication and other fields such as data storage, data compression, etc. The work presented in describes...