This is a textbook for university students, postgraduate students, physicists and researchers. It may be useful for philosophers and scientists of other fields. Modern theoretical physics is based on a number of fundamental theories, methods and interpretations of the vast collection of experimental data. Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity seem to be most fundamental. However those theories have proved unable to solve the most cardinal problems of physics, such as the origin of matter, the physical nature of space, the nature of nuclear...