The process of building an understanding of the existing system is time consuming and takes around 40% of the allocated time for a maintenance task. Numerous efforts have been made to reduce the time consumed in the program comprehension process by providing support to the programmer during this phase. Full automation of the process of developing an understanding of the program is not possible since it involves human learning activity. Therefore, it has been suggested that the specialized tools should help the programmer discover the software amicably. The segments of the program that can be...

Pakistan is facing its worst crises of massive displaced population since it was founded in 1947. This displacement of population occurs in the north west of Pakistan due to an armed conflict between the army of Pakistan and the religious militants in the region. Despite the fact that the dilemma of internally displaced persons (IDPs) is quite similar to the refugees, the circumstances and challenges for IDPs as well as for the national government are different. IDPs always remain within the border of their own country and it is the duty of the very government to take care of their needs and...