Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatologic disease in childhood. JIA is an important cause of chronic disease in childhood, with prevalence similar to type I diabetes mellitus. Several classification systems have been used over time to categorize the various categories of juvenile arthritis, including juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA), based upon clinical presentation and disease course. In 1995, the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) proposed a new classification system, JIA, which consists of seven...

Antipsychotic medications are widely used to treat several psychiatric disorders and are commonly categorized into two classes. First-generation antipsychotics (FGAs), also known as typical antipsychotics, were developed in the 1950s. Although they are used to treat psychotic symptoms, they are associated with various side effects including extrapyramidal symptoms, which are movement disorders characterized by repetitive, involuntary muscle movements, restlessness, or an inability to initiate movement. Other common side effects are dry mouth and sedation. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and...