Mining is the process of extraction of minerals from the earths crust. Throughout the history of mankind, mining has been playing its significant role all over the world so much that the various periods have been known by the names of minerals dominating the scene during the periods. Environmental degradation resulting due to mining activities could not be underestimated. It is essentially a destructive development activity, where ecology suffers at the altar of economy. The reclamation of degraded areas to maintain the ecological balance appeared more effective in long term restoration...

Disaster Management has to be a multi-disciplinary and pro-active approach. The "best" disaster is the one for which we are so well prepared that it never happens. While natural catastrophes such as tornadoes and earthquakes are difficult to predict and impossible to prevent, it is possible to avoid or minimize the impact of many other potentially disastrous conditions. Many steps towards greater disaster preparedness can be taken at little or no cost; the cost of implementing others is significant, but invariably far lower than disaster recovery necessitated by neglect of preventive measures...