Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) has been referred to in the medical literature for centuries. Trigeminal neuralgia is the most common neurologic cause of facial pain. The first step is to make the correct diagnosis. Initial therapy should be low-dose carbamazepine, with upward titration of the dose to relief of pain. Baclofen is a good choice for second-line therapy. Most patients will respond to anticonvulsant therapy, but its effectiveness decreases with time. Newer medications have shown promise, but none has been shown to be more effective than carbamazepine and need not be used for firstline...

Ultrasound has wide and varied range of applications in the diagnostic field of medicine. It is like a stethoscope in the hands of radiologist when used to examine the underlying pathological conditions. It plays a very important role in the diagnosis of head and neck pathologies especially of the salivary glands and cervical lymph nodes. Recently, its use has been widened and adopted for various therapeutic purposes like healing of apthous ulcers, wounds and temporomandibular joint disorders.

Retroviral oncogenes are thought to form through errors in the replication of retrovirus genome following their integration at random sites into the host DNA end result is a viral gene which is structurally similar to its cellular counterpart is persistently different in its function. For example, the viral oncogene is almost to the gene for one chain of growth factor known as the platelet derived factor (pdgf). Cellular oncogenes are highly conserved in evolution.