Research is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. In fact, research is an art of scientific investigation. Research is an academic activity and as such the term should be used in a technical sense. Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organising and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusions, and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis. This book covers each aspect of research methodology in detail. ...

Orthodontic anchorage is defined as resistance to unwanted tooth movement. During orthodontic treatment the teeth are exposed to forces and moments, and these acting forces always generate reciprocal forces of the same magnitude but opposite in direction. To avoid unwanted tooth movements and maintain treatment success, these reciprocal forces must be diverted. Orthodontic anchorage, defined as the ability to resist these unwanted reactive tooth movements, can be provided by other teeth, by the palate, head, or neck, or implants in bone. The goal is to maximize desired tooth movement and...