The past decade has seen a veritable explosion of research into the clinical applications of lasers in dental practice, where they can be used as an adjunct or alternative to traditional approaches. It has been used in different areas of medicine and surgery. Lasers in periodontal treatment could be used for calculus detection, scaling and root planing, reduction of periodontal pathogens and their products, gain of new attachment, as well as periodontal plastic surgery. These lasers have some shortcomings, such as thermal damage to the target and surrounding tissues. The wavelength affects...

Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition of the supporting tissues of the teeth. Intracellular enzymes are increasingly released from the damaged cells of periodontal tissues into the gingival crevicular fluid and saliva. It has been a great challenge to determine biomarkers for screening and predicting the early onset of disease (prognostic tests) or evaluating the disease activity and the efficacy of therapy.Various enzymes evaluated for the early diagnosis of periodontal disease are aspartate and alanine aminotransferases ( AST, ALT ), lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ), creatine kinase ( CK...

The influence of diabetes mellitus has its effect on general health including the oral health. Among all the systemic conditions, diabetes is the strongest risk factor for periodontitis, leading to increase prevalence, severity, and progression of the disease. Periodontal disease is considered to be the sixth complication of diabetes. The diabetic state impairs the gingival fibroblast synthesis of collagen and glycosaminoglycan, enhances crevicular fluid collagenolytic activity, results in the loss of periodontal fibres, loss of the alveolar supporting bone, loosening and finally exfoliation...