The geographical distribution of positive diagnosed mutations of thalassaemic patients observe in the map of Iraq, the results revealed the heterogeneity of diagnosed mutations within the Iraqi regions. As can be seen from the distribution of mutations presenting on the Iraqi map, IVS- -5 and codon 15 were more occurred in the middle and south of Iraq, whereas codon 8/9 and codon 8 mutations were more obvious in the middle and north of Iraq. In addition, -88 mutation was found in the nearby cities of western of Iraq."

Mastitis continues to be the most economically important disease of dairy industry, accounting for about 38% of the total direct losses (Kossaibati and Esslemont 1997). Economic consequences of mastitis, clinical or sub-clinical, include reduced milk yield, poorer quality milk, increased culling rate and increased cost of veterinary services and medicine (Rahman et al., 2009).Epidemiological study was carried out to determine the prevalence and the potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of mastitis in dairy herds, identifying the bacterial causes of mastitis, conducting...