Indias seismic hazard is highly understated; over 60% of India is under the threat of moderate to severe seismic hazard. Some of the largest earthquakes of the world have occurred in India and the earthquake engineering developments in the country started rather early. The institutional development started in the late 1950s and earthquake engineering concepts have been applied to numerous major projects in high seismic regions in the country. Extensive damage during several moderate earthquakes in recent years indicate that despite such early gains, earthquake risk in the country has been...