The International Symposium on Artificial Heart and Assist Devices has been held three times, first in 1985, then in 1987 and 1990. It is my great pleasure to present Artificial Heart 3 (Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Artificial Heart and Assist Devices). The third symposium was held in Tokyo on February 16 and 17, 1990. Our original intention was to invite all the principal investigators from the major artificial heart research laboratories in the world, in the first three symposia. The numbers of investigators in the fields of the artificial heart, ventricular assist...