Rice is a major crop that is grown in more than 110 countries. The total area planted under rice in India is 44.0 million hectares which is largest in the world against a total area of 156.6 million hectares. The average yield of rice in India is 3.2 tonnes/hectare alone. The reasons for low yield are limited area under irrigation, seasonal shortage of resources and delay in land preparation and transplanting. A study on economics and major constraints in rice cultivation in Kaithal district of Haryana was conducted during 2009-10.Total costs in rice production amounted to be Rs. 33778.68/ha....

Meteorological models generate fields of precipitation and other climatological variables as spatial averages at the scale of the grid used for numerical solution. The grid-scale can be large, particularly for general circulation models and disaggregation is required. Disaggregation models were introduced in hydrology by the pioneering work of Valencia and Schaake (1972, 1973). Disaggregation models are widely used tools for the stochastic simulation of hydrologic series. They divide known higher-level values (e.g. annual) into lower level ones (e.g. seasonal), which add up to the given...

India is among the largest cotton growing country in the world. Cotton planting is conventionally done by seed drill and other types of planter. The seeds are sown in line at a depth 30-50 mm with two seed per hill maintaining the desired spacing between rows and plants. In order to get desired plant population/crop stand by other than this method, extra seed rate is used which requires thinning of crop. This not only requires extra seed rate but also increase cost of labour for thinning and extra time for desired crop establishment in the field. Based on performance results obtained in...