This volume develops alternative methods for improving the targeting efficiency of development programs in terms of coverage of the poor and leakage to non-poor. The research sought to identify the best indicators for predicting how well off a household is. Using a set of innovative statistical methods and econometric tools, including out-of-sample validation tests, receiver operating characteristic curves, and bootstrapped simulations, this book demonstrates that using a proxy indicator-based system to target development programs such as fertilizer subsidy programs may be worth the extra...