Fracture healing is a multistage well-orchestrated repair process initiated in response to injury, resulting in the repair and restoration of function nearer to normalcy. Healing mechanism is biologically controlled by an interaction of various hormones, cytokines, extra cellular matrix and different growth factors. Besides these statins, bisphosphonates are also considered under recent investigations. In the recent past, molecules with anti-resorptive and anabolic or even combined activities have been identified and their role in enhancing bone healing mechanism is still under investigation....

Stem cell therapy has emerged as a new direction in the field of regenerative medicine. Hundreds of workers throughout the world continue to refine and explore the role of bone marrow and cord blood stem cells for their regular use to solve hematological and immune mediated disorders since many years. Many of them are working to explore the uses of the different types of adult mesenchymal stem cells found in bone marrow and cord blood that could be corrected by replacing cells in the damaged tissues in their own lineages. In recent years stem cell research is being pursued in the hope of...

No single anaesthetic produces all of the components of general anaesthesia without depressing some vital organ function. So a multiple drug approach (balanced anaesthesia) is exploited to diminish sensory, motor, sympathetic and parasympathetic reflex activities, and to attenuate individual components of the anaesthetic state. The balanced anaesthesia technique has three components such as premedication, induction and maintenance of anaesthesia. Premedication agents are anxiolytics and pre-emptive analgesics. Premedication agents reduce the magnitude and development of pre-operative stress....