Verification of declared components in food products is essential to ensure transparency in food labeling and safeguard consumers' trusts, religious faiths, health, and hard earned fortunes. Conventional methods based on PCR-based DNA analysis has reached a ceiling stage and has limitations in detecting short-length DNA markers which survive in harsh conditions. PCR-based methods are also expensive and need product authentication to eliminate ambiguity. DNA detection using gold nanoparticles (GNPs) is very promising because it does not need any complex and expensive instrumentations and...

Although most of the people connect mentally, Reverse Transcriptase (RTase) is only found in viruses, presence of this enzyme in some pathogenic bacteria has raised question-Is there any evolutionary relationship between Viruses and Bacteria? The enzyme has found to synthesize a special satellite DNA called msDNA (Multicopy Single-Stranded DNA) from an especial genomic segment called Retron. This satellite DNA caught researchers attention because of its strange structure, which consisted of a single-stranded DNA molecule linked with branched RNA through phosphodiester bond. Despite...