In India with the current annual production of about 100 million tones of cement, and the consequent release of over 90 million tones of CO2. Therefore, it is essential to introduce new technologies and practices for alternative cement and concrete compositions in order to curtail the rising CO2 emissions caused by increased Portland cement production.This book describes a strategy to replace the existing cement based designing.

This work has been motivated by the outstanding need to prepare suitable substrate for growth of III-nitride heteroepitaxial thin films. The issue of lattice and thermal expansion mismatches between the substrates and overlayers, which results in a high threading dislocation density in the films, is seen to be detrimental to photon and carrier transport in these systems. Thus, looking for appropriate substrates or modifying substrates appropriately, has attracted enormous attentions. The work includes the chemical and structural modifications of silicon, gallium arsenide and sapphire...