Optical fibre-based devices (e.g. fibre gratings) play an important role in the optical communications and sensing industry. One type of fibre grating, the long-period grating (LPG), is becoming more and more popular as a simple and versatile component for a number of applications in optical engineering. Long period grating is obtained by introducing a periodic refractive index modulation in the core of an optical fibre. The phase matching condition causes light to couple from core mode to forward propagating cladding mode. These cladding modes attenuate rapidly on propagation and thus...

Health is a precursor to improve the quality of life of mankind. Individually, health is mans greatest possession, for it lays a solid edifice for his contentment. Sound mental health is a pre-requisite for human productivity and the developmental process. It is crucial to economic and technological advancement. Health compasses senses of well-being, wholeness and soundness that means more than the simple freedom from illness - a fact appreciated in the World Health Organizations definition of health as more than the absence of disease or infirmity. Thus, good health is a synthesis of...

An expert system is software that uses a knowledge base of human expertise for problem solving, or clarifies uncertainties where normally one or more human experts would need to be consulted. Expert systems are most common in a specific problem domain, and are a traditional application and/or subfield of artificial intelligence (AI). A "HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM'' is a computerized management system. This management system has been developed to form whole management system including Employees, Doctors (consultants), Nurses, Patients, Bills, and Complains etc. This system also keeps the...