This Casebook deals with the horizontal effects of EU law, viz. its effects on relationships between individuals. To a large extent, these effects have been created by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on the basis of the European Treaties. Whereas the impact of directives on private law has become more or less well-known by now, until recently the developments relating to primary EU law were hardly noted by private lawyers due to their inexperience in the field of EU law; and those developments were perhaps not sufficiently explained by scholars of EU law due to their...