It is becoming increasingly clear that non-cognitive psychological processes are important for students school achievement, even to the point where their influence may be stronger than that exerted by the parents, teachers, or the school atmosphere itself. Non-cognitive psychological variables refer to varieties of self-beliefs and goal orientations such as anxiety, confidence, self-efficacy, and self-concept which are often seen as dispositional and motivational in nature. It is particularly important to highlight the role that confidence and self-efficacy play in school achievement, as...